430 Wikipedia Articles Mention the Shroud of Turin

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Here a bibliographic reference about the Metrology:

Development of the metrology and imaging of cellulose nanocrystals
by
Michael T Postek, András Vladár, John Dagata, Natalia Farkas, Bin Ming, Ryan Wagner,
Arvind Raman, Robert J Moon, Ronald Sabo, Theodore H Wegner and James Beecher

Abstract:
The development of metrology for nanoparticles is a significant challenge. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are one group of nanoparticles that have high potential economic value but present substantial challenges to the development of the measurement science. Even the largest trees owe their strength to this newly appreciated class of nanomaterials. Cellulose is the world’s most abundant natural, renewable, biodegradable polymer. Cellulose occurs as whisker-like microfibrils that are biosynthesized and deposited in plant material in a continuous fashion. The nanocrystals are isolated by hydrolyzing away the amorphous segments leaving the acid resistant crystalline fragments. Therefore, the basic raw material for new nanomaterial products already abounds in nature and is available to be utilized in an array of future materials. However, commercialization requires the development of efficient manufacturing processes and nanometrology to monitor quality. This paper discusses some of the instrumentation, metrology and standards issues associated with the ramping up for production and use of CNCs.

Link:
http://iopscience.iop.org/0957-0233/22/2/024005
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Here other references…

– about the Transverse Modulus:

Transverse Elasticity of Cellulose
Nanocrystals Via Atomic Force Microscopy
by
Ryan Wagner, Arvind Raman, and Robert Moon

– bout cell walls:

Micromechanics of Cell Walls
by
Ingo Burgert and John W.C. Dunlop

Please: observe the cell wall assembly as a composite structure…
and the elastic modulus as a function of cellulose microfibril angle in the secondary cell wall (for various species, included flax…) …
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Do you want to improve your knowledges on hierarchical materials ?
Please, read:

Nature’s hierarchical materials
by
Peter Fratzl, Richard Weinkamer
(Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Potsdam, Germany)

a paper published in :
Progress in Materials Science 52 (2007) 1263–1334
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.. the basic knowledges about

Materials with structural hierarchy

link:
http://silver.neep.wisc.edu/~lakes/Hierarch.html
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The hierarchical structure and mechanics of plant materials
Lorna J. Gibson
DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2012.0341Published 7 November 2012

Abstract
The cell walls in plants are made up of just four basic building blocks: cellulose (the main structural fibre of the plant kingdom) hemicellulose, lignin and pectin. Although the microstructure of plant cell walls varies in different types of plants, broadly speaking, cellulose fibres reinforce a matrix of hemicellulose and either pectin or lignin. The cellular structure of plants varies too, from the largely honeycomb-like cells of wood to the closed-cell, liquid-filled foam-like parenchyma cells of apples and potatoes and to composites of these two cellular structures, as in arborescent palm stems. The arrangement of the four basic building blocks in plant cell walls and the variations in cellular structure give rise to a remarkably wide range of mechanical properties: Young’s modulus varies from 0.3 MPa in parenchyma to 30 GPa in the densest palm, while the compressive strength varies from 0.3 MPa in parenchyma to over 300 MPa in dense palm. The moduli and compressive strength of plant materials span this entire range. This study reviews the composition and microstructure of the cell wall as well as the cellular structure in three plant materials (wood, parenchyma and arborescent palm stems) to explain the wide range in mechanical properties in plants as well as their remarkable mechanical efficiency.

Link:
http://royalsocietypublishing.org/content/9/76/2749

… and there would still be many more studies to read!!!