It would be fruitful to engage palynologists on the pollen studies.
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We require nanomechanical tests and
adequate textile samples holders…
— — —
Often I indicated the AFM three-point bending test
(a test useful in order to measure the Young’s modulus).
See also (for example) the text:
“Springer Handbook of Experimental Solid Mechanics”
by William N. Sharpe…
Perhaps the other way is the following: surface structure and nanomechanical properties of linen fibrils can be investigated using a combination of tapping-mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) phase imaging and nanoscale indentation.
The problem, however, can be the following:
Who pays for these analyses?
Maybe someone can run the analyses only
to publish the study, for their own prestige …
In Spain they have the Sudarium of Oviedo and
then these linen fibrils can be compared to those
of the Shroud of Turin.
I see that is very easy to write in this blog.
But another thing is to make the related work …
In any case I think that an international team
can easily carry out all the works needed to compare
the two ancient lignocellulosic material.
Also the pollen studies can be improved using
the SPMs analyses.
Studies of pollen can be carried out in situ, without having to use the stickers (which unfortunately tend to irreparably ruin after years).
>Pollen grains had an average adhesion of 10 ± 3 nN with the surfaces
[= with Nylon 6 (N6) and Nylon 6,6 (N66)
and …polyamide 12 (PA12), polystyrene (PS), and silicon.]
Source:
Characterization of Ragweed Pollen Adhesion to Polyamides
and Polystyrene Using Atomic Force Microscopy
…and of course, the behavior should be a bit different on linen!
[B.T.W. : Do you know what is the exact difference?]
>Plant pollens are microscopic particles exhibiting a remarkable breadth of complex solid surface features. In addition, many pollen grains are coated with a viscous liquid, “pollenkitt”, thought to play important roles in pollen dispersion and adhesion. However, there exist no quantitative studies of the effects of solid surface features or pollenkitt on adhesion of pollen grains, …
Source:
Langmuir. 2013 Mar 5;29(9):3012-23. doi: 10.1021/la305144z. Epub 2013 Feb 22.
“Pollenkitt wetting mechanism enables species-specific tunable pollen adhesion”
by
Lin H, Gomez I, Meredith JC.
Here another (vague) reference
[ = Observations after indentations performed in a picoindenter…]:
“Nanomechanical Testing of Diatoms”
by
Vebner, Marius Juelsrud
Link: http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A648736&dswid=-4364
— —
Perhaps there is another way, the TEM:
>The PI 95 TEM PicoIndenter instrument from Hysitron, Inc. is the first full-fledged depth-sensing indenter capable of direct-observation nanomechanical testing inside a transmission electron microscope (TEM). …
>Pollen and spores:
Nature’s Fingerprints of Plants…
>…Each plant type produces pollen or spores that are
distinctive from those of other plants; the uniqueness can
sometimes only be seen at the SEM or TEM level. …
>…Each location produces a unique “pollen print” that
is often so specific that it can be used
to identify that precise location …
>”Forensic pollen analysis has made a significant contribution
to the investigation of war crimes in Bosnia,” Professor Brown explained.
>…Pollen from the soil samples was cleaned with powerful chemicals before being analysed, and the mineralogy of the soil itself was examined.
>… Professor Brown said: “For example, one primary execution
and burial site was in a field of wheat.
>When bodies were found in secondary burial sites they were
linked to the primary location through the presence of
distinctive wheat pollen in soil recovered from the victims.”
>Independent ballistics work was in 100% agreement with
the conclusions of the pollen and soil analysis, he added. …
— — —
I think that now pollen grains can be investigated in a good manner,
in situ, avoiding to use the adhesive stripes …
What is your opinion?
Ectexine = The outer part of the exine, which stains positively with basic fuchsin in optical microscopy and has higher electron density in conventionally prepared TEM sections. Orthographical variant: ektexine.
>Ectexine includes the foot layer (nexine 1), if present.
>Erdtman introduced the term in 1943, but used sexine in his later publications…
It would be fruitful to engage palynologists on the pollen studies.
We require nanomechanical tests and
adequate textile samples holders…
— — —
Often I indicated the AFM three-point bending test
(a test useful in order to measure the Young’s modulus).
See also (for example) the text:
“Springer Handbook of Experimental Solid Mechanics”
by William N. Sharpe…
Perhaps the other way is the following: surface structure and nanomechanical properties of linen fibrils can be investigated using a combination of tapping-mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) phase imaging and nanoscale indentation.
The problem, however, can be the following:
Who pays for these analyses?
Maybe someone can run the analyses only
to publish the study, for their own prestige …
In Spain they have the Sudarium of Oviedo and
then these linen fibrils can be compared to those
of the Shroud of Turin.
I see that is very easy to write in this blog.
But another thing is to make the related work …
In any case I think that an international team
can easily carry out all the works needed to compare
the two ancient lignocellulosic material.
Also the pollen studies can be improved using
the SPMs analyses.
Studies of pollen can be carried out in situ, without having to use the stickers (which unfortunately tend to irreparably ruin after years).
>Pollen grains had an average adhesion of 10 ± 3 nN with the surfaces
[= with Nylon 6 (N6) and Nylon 6,6 (N66)
and …polyamide 12 (PA12), polystyrene (PS), and silicon.]
Source:
Characterization of Ragweed Pollen Adhesion to Polyamides
and Polystyrene Using Atomic Force Microscopy
…and of course, the behavior should be a bit different on linen!
[B.T.W. : Do you know what is the exact difference?]
Link:
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es803422s
>Plant pollens are microscopic particles exhibiting a remarkable breadth of complex solid surface features. In addition, many pollen grains are coated with a viscous liquid, “pollenkitt”, thought to play important roles in pollen dispersion and adhesion. However, there exist no quantitative studies of the effects of solid surface features or pollenkitt on adhesion of pollen grains, …
Source:
Langmuir. 2013 Mar 5;29(9):3012-23. doi: 10.1021/la305144z. Epub 2013 Feb 22.
“Pollenkitt wetting mechanism enables species-specific tunable pollen adhesion”
by
Lin H, Gomez I, Meredith JC.
Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23402563
Here another (vague) reference
[ = Observations after indentations performed in a picoindenter…]:
“Nanomechanical Testing of Diatoms”
by
Vebner, Marius Juelsrud
Link:
http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A648736&dswid=-4364
— —
Perhaps there is another way, the TEM:
>The PI 95 TEM PicoIndenter instrument from Hysitron, Inc. is the first full-fledged depth-sensing indenter capable of direct-observation nanomechanical testing inside a transmission electron microscope (TEM). …
http://www.hysitron.com/Portals/0/Updated%20Address/PI95SS_SAM-0073-A.pdf
Errata corrige:
>…two ancient lignocellulosic materials.
Instead of:
>…two ancient lignocellulosic material.
— — —
Forensic palinology.
Link:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_palynology
Palynology Laboratory
Texas A&M University.
>Pollen and spores:
Nature’s Fingerprints of Plants…
>…Each plant type produces pollen or spores that are
distinctive from those of other plants; the uniqueness can
sometimes only be seen at the SEM or TEM level. …
>…Each location produces a unique “pollen print” that
is often so specific that it can be used
to identify that precise location …
Link:
http://projects.nfstc.org/trace/2009/presentations/3-bryant-palynology2.pdf
— — —
Here another link:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3640788.stm
= Researchers have revealed how a team of forensic experts
used pollen to help them to convict Bosnian war criminals.
>”Forensic pollen analysis has made a significant contribution
to the investigation of war crimes in Bosnia,” Professor Brown explained.
>…Pollen from the soil samples was cleaned with powerful chemicals before being analysed, and the mineralogy of the soil itself was examined.
>… Professor Brown said: “For example, one primary execution
and burial site was in a field of wheat.
>When bodies were found in secondary burial sites they were
linked to the primary location through the presence of
distinctive wheat pollen in soil recovered from the victims.”
>Independent ballistics work was in 100% agreement with
the conclusions of the pollen and soil analysis, he added. …
— — —
I think that now pollen grains can be investigated in a good manner,
in situ, avoiding to use the adhesive stripes …
What is your opinion?
Ectexine = The outer part of the exine, which stains positively with basic fuchsin in optical microscopy and has higher electron density in conventionally prepared TEM sections. Orthographical variant: ektexine.
>Ectexine includes the foot layer (nexine 1), if present.
>Erdtman introduced the term in 1943, but used sexine in his later publications…
Link:
http://www.pollen.mtu.edu/glos-gtx/glos-p2.htm#F%E6gri,1956