hitherto unnoticed details … experiments … and more
An exciting paper by Adrie A. M. van der Hoeven, Cold Acid Postmortem Blood Most Probably Formed Pinkish-Red Heme-Madder Lake on Madder-Dyed Shroud of Turin has just been published in the Open Journal of Applied Sciences (published 30 November 2015).
The abstract reads:
The Turin Shroud was extensively scientifically investigated in 1978. In its pinkish red bloodstains, normal features of human blood were found, but also seemingly anomalous ones. In the present study, hitherto unnoticed details of the data are presented, Shroud data and more modern reference data are compared, and the results of a few experiments with linen, madder dye and blood are shown. It turns out that the Shroud’s ‘anomalous’ data are strong consistent evidence that its bloodstains contain acid heme-madder lake, of which the heme derived from cold acid postmortem blood and the madder had been applied to the Shroud at manufacture. It implies that the bloodstains were formed on the Shroud before the still not reproduced body-image was. Several other ‘red-color’ hypotheses for the Shroud’s bloodstains are discussed and dismissed.
Taken from the conclusion:
The anomalous features of the Shroud’s bloodstains, instead of being evidence against their authenticity, turn out to be very strong evidence for their authenticity…
This, too:
A few experiments confirmed that much serum can drain from human blood on a cold surface and that human blood is able to form pinkish stains on starched and madder-dyed linen that remain pinkish while simultaneously formed bloodstains on pure linen turn brown. New scientific investigations on the Shroud of Turin with more modern methods and techniques may further corroborate these conclusions.
Note: You can download the PDF from the above link.
Here an excerpt from
what yesterday
I wrote on this blog:
>… I wanted to link the words about
bloodstains with the last interesting work
by
Adrie A. M. van der Hoeven
(Utrecht, The Netherlands):
“Cold Acid Postmortem Blood Most Probably
Formed Pinkish-Red Heme-Madder Lake on
Madder-Dyed Shroud of Turin”
PDF (Size:9161KB) PP. 705-746
>In other words:
>What is the exact difference for
“the pinkish red bloodstains” of the
Holy Shroud with respect the bloodstains
present on Oviedo’s Cloth?
>I think this requires a new work…
>Or not?
>What say your researches on the
exact “color difference for the blood
of the Shroud with respect color of
the blood of the Shroud of Oviedo”?
— — *** — —
Another argument (connected with that paper).
I think that Adrie van der Hoeven indicated us
an interesting problem.
Perhaps this problem can be depicted
with the following words:
“metabolic acidosis and Crucifixion (and renal failure)”
So…
What was the (probable) exact pH for the blood
of Jesus, just after the Crucifixion and the death?
…and …
What was the difference (pH) after the treatment
(of the Face) with Oviedo’s Cloth and few
presumed (or possible) “partial washings”?
— —
I have found the pH values of
6.712 and 6.745 (and “the intoxication
in either case was non-lethal”!!!)
reading following reference:
“Is it possible to survive metabolic acidosis
with pH measure below 6.8?
A study of two cases of inedible alcohol intoxication”
[Article in Polish]
by
Kostek H, Kujawa A, Szponar J, Danielewicz P,
Majewska M, Drelich G.
Przegl Lek. 2011;68(8):518-20.
From the abstract:
>… The first case is of a male, 45, who was
diagnosed glycol concentration at 283.3 mg/dl,
with the lowest pH value obtained in the
gasometric examination of capillary blood at 6.712.
>The other case is of another male, 54, who
had probably drunk condenser liquid.
>Ethylene glycol and methanol’s concentration
were 535 mg/dl and 37.5 mg/dl correspondingly,
whereas the lowest capillary blood pH value
was recorded at 6.745.
>Both men had been addicted to alcohol
for many years. … ! …
So… as we can read, in our epoch
is possble to survive at pH = 6.7…
in other words at a pH value not too
far from the limit (pH = 6.8).
Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22010454
But this article seems to be useless
in order to find an interesting solution
to our case…
Then there is again to solve the unsolved problem:
Which were the deviations of blood pH during
and after the Crucifixion (…and postmortem)?
Where are the useful forensic data?
Errata corrige:
>is possible to survive at pH = 6.7…
instead of :
>is possble to survive at pH = 6.7…
— — — —
“metabolic acidosis and Crucifixion (and renal failure)”
See also:
“the renal acidification mechanisms”…
B.T.W.:
I have read that estimates of the
glomerular filtration rate (GFR) may
replace the measurement of serum
creatinine as the primary tool for
the assessment of kidney function. …
Source:
Assessing Kidney Function — Measured
and Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate
Lesley A. Stevens, M.D., Josef Coresh, M.D., Ph.D.,
Tom Greene, Ph.D., and Andrew S. Levey, M.D.
N. Engl. J. Med. 2006
Link:
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmra054415
— —
I think, that before [unfortunately],
I tried to enter in a “forbidden medical area”
(because I have no degree in this area of knowledges)…
In any case
“The ABC of Acid-Base Chemistry”
provides physiologists, medical students,
and physicians with an intelligible outline
of the elements of physiological acid-base chemistry.
Links:
http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/A/bo3622345.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_imbalance
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davenport_diagram
But I don’t believe that “hematohidrosis”
(Sudor cruentus ?) was taken into account
in that “ABC” text…
— — —
At the end…
In my opinion, the first thing worth to deepen
seems to be the possible difference about
the pH of blood/bloodstains (on the Shroud):
not postmortem versus postmortem blood…
Sorry!
I wrote an excess of words off
the “simple dyeing problem” …and
then see also the problem (to adequately
test) to control the ageing for the strange
“madder-heme lake” (submitting a set
of treated linen samples to the “ageing test” )!
Would die Jesus before what
really happened on the cross
if He had been suffering from
“Renal tubular acidosis”?
>Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is a medical
condition that involves an accumulation
of acid in the body due to a failure of
the kidneys to appropriately acidify the urine. …
>When the blood pH is below normal
(7.35), this is called acidemia. …
Link:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renal_tubular_acidosis
Then see also:
“Renal tubular acidosis and DNA”
(= difficult analyses on ancient DNA
and Genetic illnesses).
— — *** — —
Regarding the extinction coefficients
of various heme products vs pH
(and see also: acid methemoglobin
and hemichrome),
Adrie v. d. Hoeven indicated us :
“Wintrobe’s Clinical Hematology”,
by
John P. Greer MD (Author, Editor),
and this seems to be a costly textbook…
Am I wrong in my too
ingenuous idea?
Methemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin
that contains ferric [Fe3+] iron and has
a decreased ability to bind oxygen.
Signs and symptoms of methemoglobinemia
(methemoglobin level above 1%) include
shortness of breath, cyanosis, mental
status changes (~50%), headache,
fatigue, exercise intolerance, dizziness
and loss of hairlines.
I think the “last words of Christ on Cross”
are not in favor of this clinical picture.
Therefore it would seem there was not present
the iron III (= Fe3+ in methemoglobin) and
thus A.v.d.H. seems to have another card
in his favor …
In the book (that describes drugs of abuse,
chemical structures, analytical methods,
clinical features, and treatments of these
drugs of abuse. From Club Drugs to
Sedative Hypnotic Drugs, Anesthetics, etc.
… etc.):
“Medical Toxicology of Drug Abuse:
Synthesized Chemicals and Psychoactive Plants”
by Donald G. Barceloux
(1064 pages, April 2012)
we can read about a case (an intentional
ingestion of Sodium Nitrite!) of an autopsy:
>…The postmortem blood methemoglobin
concentration was 90%. …
— — —
If I am right in my findings (obtained
with “Google”) Calcium alizarate is a
birefringent bright red product.
— — —
Here a very old reference (…near
useless), if you want to know something
other on “Alizarin lakes”:
“The Physical Chemistry of Color Lake
Formation. V. Hydrous Oxide – Alizarin Lakes”
H. B. Weiser
J. Phys. Chem., 1929, 33 (11), pp 1713–1723
Publication Date: January 1928
Instead there is another old paper
(perhaps it’s more useful):
“Alizarine-Iron Lakes”
A. W. Bull, J. R. Adams
J. Phys. Chem., 1921, 25 (8), pp 660–664
Publication Date: January 1920
Link:
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/j150215a004?journalCode=jpchax.2
Another less important old paper
(= starch as possible reducing agent):
“Influence of the anions of the mordant on the
shade of Alizarin-red lake.”
P. P. V IKTOROV (J. Soc.
Dyers and Col., 1928, 44, 336—341).
>…The products of acid hydrolysis of
the starch thickening present in a
printing paste in which free acid has been formed
as a result of hydrolysis of the mordant may also act
as reducing agents and so favourably influence the
resulting shade.
>Hence, starch would be preferable
to gum as a thickening agent were
it not for the fact that the inferior
reducing properties of the gum are
more than counterbalanced by its
greater penetration into the cotton…
Now we’ll go to the “boring review” of
Dyeing Chemistry and Biochemistry…
The primary madder species from which
Alizarin historically has been obtained is
Rubia tinctorum.
The reaction of Alizarin with different mordants produces different kind of color:
aluminium (= red), ferrous iron (= deep violet), ferric iron (= brownish black)…
I don’t know what is the result from the reaction Alizarin + blood.
Is the deep violet obtained with ferrous iron?
>…To be absorbed, dietary iron can be absorbed
as part of a protein such as heme protein
or iron must be in its ferrous Fe2+ form.
>A ferric reductase enzyme on the enterocytes’
brush border, duodenal cytochrome B (Dcytb),
reduces ferric Fe3+ to Fe2+…
>…Structure of Heme b; “Fe” is the chemical symbol of
iron, “II” indicates its oxidation state. …
Link:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism
>…Heme (American English) or haem (British English)
is a cofactor consisting of an Fe2+ (ferrous) ion
contained in the centre of a large heterocyclic
organic ring called a porphyrin, made up of four
pyrrolic groups joined together by methine bridges. …
Link:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heme
Each heme ring in hemoglobin encloses
an atom of iron. Hemoglobin is 95 percent protein.
Hemoglobin is the protein in the red cells of
the blood that carries oxygen from the lungs …
>The iron of hemoglobin is normally
in the reduced or ferrous state, in both
oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin.
>If the iron itself becomes oxidized to
the ferric state, hemoglobin is changed
to methemoglobin, a brown pigment
incapable of transporting oxygen.
>The red cells contain enzymes capable
of maintaining the iron in its normal state,
but under abnormal conditions large
amounts of methemoglobin may appear in the blood.
Link:
http://www.britannica.com/science/methemoglobin
and then, now
I’ll go further elsewhere with
this “communication”:
I think that I’ll never use madder and
blood to dye linen pants …
It’s a truly disgusting work!
Common Madder (rubia tinctorum)
is a small herbaceous plant,
native to Asia and Southern Europe.
Lake colours are pigments made
by fixing a dye onto an insoluble base,
such as hydrate of aluminium, etc. …
Perhaps we can think
(but… where is the useful description
about exact dyeing conditions??
See also the “blood pH” [near 7
= …too high, IMHO]) that the
almost “pink-violet shade”
was obtained with ferrous iron
coming from blood…
But we must remember that Alizarin
with ferric ion (and thus see the iron of
methemoglobin) produces a brown color …
>Methemoglobin (English: methaemoglobin)
(pronounced “met-hemoglobin”) is a form of
the oxygen-carrying metalloprotein hemoglobin,
in which the iron in the heme group is in
the Fe3+ (ferric) state, not the Fe2+ (ferrous)
of normal hemoglobin.
Link:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methemoglobin
Then we have to detect where is located
a mix of brown color with a pink-violet shade…
In the paper A.v.d.H. indicated us the study by
de Villiers KA, Kaschula CH, Egan TJ, Marques HM:
“Speciation and structure of ferriprotoporphyrin
IX in aqueous solution: spectroscopic and diffusion
measurements demonstrate dimerization,
but not mu-oxo dimer formation.”
J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 2007 Jan;12(1):101-17.
Epub 2006 Sep 14.
Please, pay attention:
there is no ferrous iron in that
ferriprotoporphyrin (Fe 3+)…
So…
With what other iron byproduct we have to deal?
I tried to see something under:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3638515/
= “Redox Reactions of Myoglobin”
author: Mark P. Richards
Antioxid Redox Signal.
2013 Jun 10; 18(17): 2342–2351.
Abstract
>- Significance:
>Failure to maintain myoglobin (Mb) in
the reduced state causes the formation
of metMb, ferryl Mb species, and
cross-linked Mb.
>Dissociation of ferriprotoporphyrin IX from
the globin and release of iron atoms can
also occur as oxidized Mb accumulates.
>These modifications may contribute to
various oxidative pathologies in muscle
and muscle foods.
>- Recent Advances:
>The mechanism of ferryl Mb-mediated
oxidative damage to nearby structures
has been partially elucidated.
>Dissociation of ferriprotoporphyrin IX
from metMb occurs more readily
at acidic pH values.
>The dissociated ferriprotoporphyrin IX
(also called hemin) readily
decomposes preformed lipid
hydroperoxides to reactive oxygen
species.
>Heme oxygenase as well
as lipophilic free radicals can
degrade the protoporphyrin IX
moiety, which results in the
formation of free iron…
But this seems to be
“enough too far” from what we require in order
to be able to clearly understand the issue…
— — —
Here another technical question.
If the cloth was starched before it was dyed
[and this is an idea by A.v.d.H.],
then:
What was the probable subsequent thickness
of “thin dyed layers” on linen?
The formation of the body image was also
blocked by serum haloes, as can be seen
from the UV reflectance photographs of
the Shroud.
I would be curious to observe the results
obtained from experiments with a previously
dyed (with madder) linen in order to show
what is the true color produced and its
intensity (…using Applied Colorimetry =
evaluation from delta E measurements).
— — —
Other information of minor weight:
>Rose Madder is the commercial name
sometimes used to designate a paint
made from the pigment Madder Lake
– a traditional lake pigment, extracted
from the common madder plant Rubia tinctorum.
>Madder Lake contains two organic red dyes:
alizarin and purpurin…
Link:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_madder
The determination of purpurin lake ratio
in a mixture of purpurin and alizarin is
important for provenance studies…
Now… “that’s enough”!
In other words:
I hope to discuss the arguments
(previously indicated in a rough manner)
with the other bloggers…
A.v.d.H. indicated a pH 5.5 about
the acidic conditions of heme solutions…
However you might think that the pH
of sweat (or other postmortem emission)
can have a certain impact
on presumed “dyeing conditions” …
Instead, unfortunately, on this fact
we cannot read any inherent
appropriate consideration…
…apart the interesting case of a
postmortem blood (ph = 5.5)
that has been measured in
the body of a deceased person,
20 hours after the death…
Natron and the paper by AvdH.
>Natron is a naturally occurring mixture
of sodium carbonate decahydrate
(Na2CO3·10H2O, a kind of soda ash)
and about 17% sodium bicarbonate (also
called baking soda, NaHCO3) along with
small quantities of sodium chloride and
sodium sulfate. …
link:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natron
>C34) Natron (sodium carbonate) was found in the dusts aspired from the back surface of the TS (Riggi 1982)
“Evidences for Testing Hypotheses about the Body Image” (2005)
by Fanti and other researchers
>The presence of natron on the Shroud…
William Meacham
“The Rape of the Turin Shroud: How Christianity’s
most …”
Instead L. Garza-Valdes (“The DNA of God”)
indicated us that:
>…One of the bacteria I found on the Shroud, an extreme haloalkaliphilic bacterium that grows on natron, a mixture of sodium carbonate and
sodium bicarbonate…
= the natronococcus…
So, we have to know what is the level of possible interference caused by natron…
Here I want to continue my strange
(and too lonely!) monologue referring about
the natron…
I think it would be interesting to be able to observe
in a better manner the “chromatographic areas” around the waterstains and the comparisons for that effect obtained in an alkaline environment (obtained from natron dissolution) respect to the neutral environment (= different pH).
So, I don’t believe is too difficult to realize some easy experiment with madder and Sodium carbonate on linen strips (and possibly also with and without saponin [= soapwort. Thus to verify: Saponaria officinalis versus Madder])… and then see also the probable
useless proofs obtained adding myrrh.
What is your opinion?
I wrote (message dated
December 2, 2015 at 11:17 am):
>…The formation of the body image was also
blocked by serum haloes, as can be seen
from the UV reflectance photographs of
the Shroud.
>I would be curious to observe the results
obtained from experiments with a previously
dyed (with madder) linen in order to show
what is the true color produced and its
intensity (…using Applied Colorimetry =
evaluation from delta E measurements).
Well…
Here two words about the partial
“logical failure” of my speech in regard
to the layer of serum that blocked
the formation of the Image on linen:
I immediately realized that it was not
entirely correct … but I had not been able
to correct the message on the grounds
of lack of time available.
However I see that the problem
(of the possible nuances, etc.)
remains unresolved:
What if the supposed color of the cloth
(or dyeing linen cloth), made based madder,
it is covered by the layer of serum?
So what color do you get to the end (after
an adequate aging treatment)?
Until now
I have not yet seen any proper experiment …
— — —
Also I do not see appear useful
informations about possible interferences
or influences of the alleged layer madder
in the BIF process (BIF = Body Image Formation).
Then, see also:
the possible set of experiments to do.
Congratulations to Adrie van der Hoeven
(= A.v.d.H.).
So…
I can only share what A.v.d.H. hoped at
the end of her study:
I agree about the need of further improved controls.
Therefore …
I would conclude in the following manner:
I expect to then see some flowers
flourish from the seeds …