Some of the material in this essay is obsolete. Please refer to the
Shroud of Turin Story Home Page

The
Resurrection
Problem
and the
Shroud of Turin

By Daniel R. Porter

1. Introduction
2. "Ann, You're Nuts"
3. What we need to know 
4. The newer evidence
5. The resurrection problem
6. Vetting
7. Acceptance
8. Textile studies
9. Plant images and pollen
10. Travertine aragonite
11. Sudarium of Oviedo
12. The Image of Edessa
13. Jesus in art
14. A negative that is not a negative
15. Other visual characteristics
16. The most intriguing characteristic
17. A picture of a million words
18. How were the images formed ? 
19. Appendix: Carbon 14, etc.

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Part 11:  Sudarium of Oviedo

In 1999, Mark Guscin, a member of the Investigation Team of the Centro Español de Sindonología, issued a detailed forensic and historical report entitled, "Recent Historical Investigations on the Sudarium of Oviedo." The Sudarium of Oviedo is a towel-sized cloth relic that some believe was used to respectfully cover Jesus' head before his entombment. Guscin's report detailed recent findings of the history, forensic pathology, blood chemistry, and stain patterns on the Sudarium. His conclusion: the towel sized linen Sudarium and the Shroud of Turin had been used to cover the same injured head at closely different times. Furthermore, the Sudarium has a definitive history in Spain going back to the seventh century and it seems highly probable, from historical documents, that the Sudarium's record goes back to first century Jerusalem.

The Sudarium's history is very different than the Shroud's. Documents in the late Roman period and the early middle ages are often sketchy and prone to chronological mistakes and those pertaining to the Sudarium are no exception. But from a multiplicity of sources scholars can extract core elements of historical certainty. The Sudarium has been kept in the Cathedral at Oviedo, Spain, since the middle of the eighth century. There is no question about that. We are quite sure that the Sudarium came to Oviedo from Jerusalem, and we are reasonably sure that it dates back to the first century CE. Its journey to its present location began in 644 CE when Persians under Chosroes II invaded Jerusalem. To protect the Sudarium, it was moved out of the city to safety. We are uncertain of its route to Spain. It may have been first taken to Alexandria along with numerous other relics (real or otherwise, and stored in a chest or "ark") and from there, in succeeding years, along the coast of North Africa ahead of advancing armies. Some historians have suggested a more direct sea route to Spain but pollen evidence indicates that the Sudarium was in North Africa as well as Israel. Whatever the route, we know that after it arrived in Spain it was kept in Toledo for about 75 years. Then in 718, to protect it from Arab armies, which had invaded Spain only seven years earlier, it was moved northward with fleeing Christians. In 761, Oviedo became the capital of a northern, well-defended enclave of Christians on the Spanish peninsula and it was to this city that the Sudarium was brought for safety. It has been in Oviedo since.

Here are some highlights from Guscin's report:

• It seems to be a funeral cloth that was probably placed over the head of the corpse of an adult male of normal constitution. The man whose face the Sudarium covered had a beard, moustache and long hair, tied up at the nape of his neck into a ponytail.
  
• The man was dead. The mechanism that formed the stains is incompatible with any kind of breathing movement.
  
• The man was wounded before death with something that made his scalp bleed and produced wounds on his neck, shoulders and upper part of the back.
  
• The man suffered a pulmonary edema as a consequence of the terminal process. The main stains are one part blood and six parts fluid from the pulmonary fluid.
  
• The only position compatible with the formation of the stains on the Oviedo cloth is both arms outstretched above the head and the feet in such a position as to make breathing very difficult, i.e. a position totally compatible with crucifixion. We can say that the man was wounded first (blood on the head, shoulders and back) and then 'crucified.'
  
• On reaching the destination, the body was placed face up and for unknown reasons, the cloth was taken off the head.
  
• The Sudarium contains pollen grains of Gundelia tournefortii, identical to that found of the Shroud that grows only east of the Mediterranean Sea as far north as Lebanon and as far south as Jerusalem.
  
• The blood (stain symmetry, type and other indicators) on the Sudarium matches the blood on the Shroud.

In summary, Guscin wrote:

There are many points of coincidence between all these points and the Shroud of Turin - the blood group, the way the corpse was tortured and died, and the macroscopic overlay of the stains on each cloth. This is especially notable in that the blood on the Sudarium, shed in life as opposed to postmortem, corresponds exactly in blood group, blood type and surface area to those stains on the Shroud on the nape of the neck. If it is clear that the two cloths must have covered the same corpse, and this conclusion is inevitable from all the studies carried out up to date, and if the history of the Sudarium can be trustworthily extended back beyond the fourteenth century, which is often referred to as the Shroud's first documented historical appearance, then this would take the Shroud back to at least the earliest dates of the Sudarium's known history. The ark of relics and the Sudarium have without any doubt at all been in Spain since the beginning of the seventh century, and the history recorded in various manuscripts from various times and geographical areas take it all the way back to Jerusalem in the first century. The importance of this for Shroud history cannot be overstressed.

Dan Porter is an Episcopalian and a member of Trinity Church, Wall Street, in New York City. He may be contacted by email at porter@shroudstory.com or by mail at 20 McIntyre Street, Bronxville, NY 10708. 

(c) Copyright 2001, Daniel R. Porter. All Rights Reserved. This article may be reproduced in full for any non-commercial purpose without further permission.